Paying for Blood: Bribery in Mozambique’s Healthcare System

The labor pains came as no surprise. Maria was nine months pregnant with her second child; she knew what to expect. But as she made her way to the local health center where she was to give birth, Maria began to bleed. By the time she arrived, she was hemorrhaging.
 
The nurse on duty quickly arranged for an ambulance to take her to Quissico District Hospital for a blood transfusion. Fortunately, Maria survived. Her baby, however, did not.
 
Later that night, as Maria was preparing to be discharged, a nurse approached and told her that she had to pay the equivalent of 70 USD for the blood and plasma she had received. It was a huge sum for Maria, who, like many Mozambicans, gets by on the food she farms and the small amount she makes selling some of her harvest at the market.
 
“I was outraged,” recalls Maria. “But the nurse said ‘You can’t leave here until you pay. That’s the law.’ I borrowed money and pieced together half of the amount. We explained to her that after we buried the baby we would come back with the rest. The nurse said we could go but my health card and ID card had to stay with her to ensure I’d return.”
 
A week after the funeral, the nurse began to call, pressuring the grieving mother to pay. Maria was at a loss as to what to do. She needed her ID and health card back, but she had borrowed all the money she could.
 
“I was really sad,” recalls Maria. “First I lost my child, and then they charged me this fee. It was really so much money. … That’s when I called my cousin for advice.”
 
Maria’s cousin put her in touch with Cézar, Namati’s health advocate, and the Quissico village health committee. They explained to Maria that paying for blood or plasma is not, as the nurse said, “the law”. In fact, requesting payment for any health services or supplies that are supposed to be provided free of charge is punishable as a crime under Mozambique’s anti-corruption law, as well as the Ministry of Health’s anti-bribery policy, which Namati helped to draft.
 
They assisted Maria in reporting the incident to the hospital, and when the hospital asked for a meeting, they went with her. The nurse initially denied the charge, but at a second meeting, with the hospital director present, she confessed. She asked for Maria’s forgiveness and returned her money and documents.
 
Maria says she was both happy and relieved when her money was returned. “First, because I had no way to return the money I had borrowed… And because I am now no longer afraid to go to the hospital… I went back and told my family and my community that if ever someone asks you to pay money for care at the hospital, they are robbing you. People didn’t know this before.”
 
Few Mozambicans are aware of the laws and policies that protect their rights as patients, and some healthcare workers use this to their advantage. Quissico District Hospital was in the past infamous for bribery and illegal fees. The hospital had attempted to address the issue but the power dynamics and fractured relationship between the community and the hospital proved to be major barriers. As the hospital director, Dr. Osório Trigo, explains: “Health providers tried to raise patients’ awareness about these things in the past, but no one ever approached them with concerns or complaints.”
 
After Maria’s case, Dr. Osório asked Cézar to conduct a series of sessions for both healthcare providers and patients  specifically devoted to the National Strategy to Prevent and Combat Bribery in the Health Sector.
 
“We’ve seen a huge change,” affirms Dr. Osório. “When it’s the voice of the community speaking, we can no longer ignore it. The health advocate has really helped in terms of bringing the community and the hospital together.”